The National Institutes of Health (NIH) currently comprises 21 distinct institutes, each representing a major health concern — from cancer and cardiovascular disease to mental health issues. Now obesity is being recognized as equally significant. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide affecting nearly 42% of adults in the United States. Obesity-related conditions account for approximately 300,000 deaths per year. Bariatric surgery remains the most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity.